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最高人民法院关于如何区别犯人的自动坦白和被迫招供问题的复函

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最高人民法院关于如何区别犯人的自动坦白和被迫招供问题的复函

最高人民法院


最高人民法院关于如何区别犯人的自动坦白和被迫招供问题的复函

1957年4月9日,最高人民法院


四川省高级人民法院:
你院1957年1月14日法办秘〔57〕字第21号函及附件收悉。来文所问按照“1955年肃清反革命分子运动审判工作经验初步总结”内所提“应该把犯人自动坦白和在法庭上因为证据确凿被迫招供加以区别”的原则,审讯员在审讯中提出了证据,或者稍稍提示了一下犯罪事实(如审讯员问被告:你在好久某地与某某人怎么样呢?)以后,犯人才交待,应作如何处理的问题,我们认为,应根据案件具体情况,视其坦白的程度,在处刑问题上予以考量。


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关于党风廉政建设责任制实施办法

宁夏回族自治区


关于党风廉政建设责任制实施办法
宁夏回族自治区



第一章 总 则
第一条 依据中共中央、国务院《关于实行党风廉政建设责任制的规定》(简称《规定》,下同),结合我区的实际,制定本实施办法。
第二条 各级党政领导班子和领导干部要以邓小平理论为指导,坚持“两手抓、两手都要硬”的方针,认真贯彻执行《规定》,把党风廉政建设作为党的建设和政权建设的重要内容,纳入党政领导班子、领导干部目标管理,与经济建设、精神文明建设和其他业务工作紧密结合,一起部
署,一起落实,一起检查,一起考核。
第三条 实行党风廉政建设责任制,要坚持党委(党组)统一领导,党政齐抓共管,纪委(纪检组)组织协调,部门各负其责,依靠群众支持和参与的领导体制与工作机制。要坚持从严治党,从严治政;立足教育,着眼防范;集体领导与个人分工负责相结合;谁主管,谁负责;一级抓
一级,层层抓落实,推进全区党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争深入发展。
第四条 实行党风廉政建设责任制,要从各地区、各部门、各系统、各行业的实际出发,逐级签订责任书,分解任务,明确目标,落实责任。

第二章 责任范围
第五条 各级党委(含派出机关,下同)领导班子对所辖地区、部门、系统、行业的党风廉政建设负全面领导责任;党委书记对职责范围内和领导班子的党风廉政建设负总责,对领导班子成员和下一级党委书记廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任。党委副书记、常委(委员)根据工作分工,
对职责范围内的党风廉政建设和分管部门的正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任。
第六条 各级政府(含派出机关,下同)领导班子对政府序列的廉政建设负全面领导责任;正职领导干部对职责范围内和领导班子的廉政建设负总责,对领导班子成员及分管部门、单位的正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任;副职领导干部根据工作分工,对职责范围内的廉政建
设和分管部门、单位正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任。
第七条 各级人大常委会党组、政协党组对人大常委会、政协常委会的党风廉政建设负全面领导责任。
人大、政协机关党组对本机关的党风廉政建设负领导责任;党组书记对领导班子及其成员和本机关的党风廉政建设负总责;党组其他成员对分管部门、单位正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任。
第八条 各级审判机关、检察机关党组对本机关的党风廉政建设负全面领导责任,对本系统的党风廉政建设负指导和监督责任;党组书记、正职领导干部对领导班子及其成员和本机关的党风廉政建设负总责;党组其他成员和副职领导干部根据工作分工,对职责范围内的党风廉政建设及
分管部门、单位的正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接责任。
第九条 各级党委、政府的职能部门领导班子对职责范围内的党风廉政建设负全面责任;有垂直领导关系的,对本系统、本行业的党风廉政建设负领导责任;正职领导干部对职责范围内的党风廉政建设负总责,对班子及其成员和分管部门、单位的正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导
责任;领导班子其他成员根据工作分工,对职责范围内的党风廉政建设和分管部门、单位的正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任。
第十条 各级人民团体党组对本单位党风廉政建设负全面领导责任;党组书记和正职领导干部对领导班子及其成员和本单位的党风廉政建设负总责;党组其他成员和副职领导干部按照工作分工,对分管部门和单位的正职领导干部廉洁从政情况负直接领导责任。

第三章 责任内容
第十一条 各级党委(党组)、政府及其职能部门的领导班子在党风廉政建设中承担以下领导责任:
(一)贯彻落实上级党委、政府以及上级机关关于党风廉政建设的部署和要求,分析研究职责范围内的党风廉政状况,结合实际,制定党风廉政建设工作计划,分解下达任务,并组织实施;
(二)标本兼治,综合治理,健全、完善管理机制、监督机制,从源头上预防和治理腐败;
(三)组织党员、干部学习邓小平关于党风廉政建设理论和党风廉政法规,进行党性党风党纪教育和廉政教育;
(四)根据党和国家以及自治区党风廉政法规制度,结合实际情况,制定本地区、本部门、本系统、本行业的党风廉政建设制度,并组织实施;
(五)履行监督职责,对所辖地区、部门、系统、行业的党风廉政建设情况、领导班子和领导干部廉洁从政情况进行监督、检查和考核;
(六)严格按照规定选拔任用干部,防止和纠正用人上的不正之风;
(七)依法领导、组织并支持执法执纪机关履行职责,为其有效地开展工作创造条件。
第十二条 领导干部在党风廉政建设中承担以下领导责任:
(一)根据上级党委、政府关于党风廉政建设工作的部署、要求和本地区、本部门、本系统、本行业的实际情况,对职责范围内的党风廉政建设工作作出具体安排,每年至少听取两次工作汇报;
(二)领导和参与党风廉政建设工作的检查与考核,督促党风廉政建设各项规章制度的落实;
(三)认真处理人民群众的来信来访,解决群众反映的热点问题,对查处违纪案件进行督办,重要案件要亲自听取查办汇报;
(四)模范遵守有关党风廉政建设的各项法规制度,教育管理好配偶、子女和身边工作人员,防止发生违法违纪问题;
(五)参加本级领导班子廉洁自律专题民主生活会,对照检查执行党风廉政建设责任制和廉洁从政的情况,开展批评与自我批评,纠正存在的问题;参加、指导分管部门、单位领导班子的廉洁自律专题民主生活会。
第十三条 由党委、政府确定或委托在党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争中承担牵头责任和参加的部门,要切实履行职责,按照要求抓好责任目标的落实。
第十四条 行政执法部门要认真履行行政执法和监督职能,并按有关规定将违纪违法案件及时通报、移送纪检监察机关或司法机关处理。
第十五条 有行业性责任的部门,要把纠正部门和行业不正之风工作纳入行业管理,坚持纠建并举,整肃行业风气。
第十六条 人民团体应充分发挥监督作用,及时向党委、政府及执法执纪机关反映人民群众对党风廉政建设的意见和建议。
第十七条 各级纪检监察机关协助党委、政府,对党风廉政建设责任制执行情况进行监督检查,负责党风廉政建设的组织协调及违纪责任的追究。

第四章 责任考核
第十八条 实行党风廉政建设考核制度。党委(党组)负责领导、组织对下一级党政领导班子和领导干部执行党风廉政建设责任制情况的考核工作。考核工作每年进行一次。考核工作要与领导班子和干部考核、工作目标考核、年度考核结合进行。必要时组织专门考核。对考核中发现的
问题,要及时研究解决。
第十九条 实行党风廉政建设责任制报告制度。各级党委(党组)要将贯彻落实党风廉政建设责任制的情况,报告上级党委、纪委,每年专题报告一次。
第二十条 组织(人事)部门要将领导干部执行党风廉政建设责任制情况,列为民主评议、民主测评领导干部的一项重要内容,广泛听取党内外群众的意见。
第二十一条 党风廉政建设责任制的考核结果,作为对领导干部的业绩评定、奖励惩处、选拔任用的重要依据。
第二十二条 领导干部个人执行党风廉政建设责任制情况,要列为专题民主生活会和述职报告的一项重要内容。

第五章 责任追究
第二十三条 领导干部违反本实施办法第十一条、第十二条规定,有下列情形之一的,给予组织处理或者党纪处分:
(一)对直接管辖范围内发生明令禁止的不正之风不制止、不查处,或者对上级领导机关交办的党风廉政责任范围内的事项拒不办理,或者对严重违法违纪问题隐瞒不报、压制不查的,给予负直接领导责任的主管人员警告、严重警告处分,情节严重的,给予撤销党内职务处分。
(二)直接管辖范围内发生重大案件,致使国家、集体资财和人民群众生命财产遭受重大损失或者造成恶劣影响的,责令负直接领导责任的主管人员辞职或者对其免职。
(三)违反《党政领导干部选拔任用工作暂行条例》的规定选拔任用干部,造成恶劣影响的,给予负直接领导责任的主管人员警告、严重警告处分,情节严重的,给予撤销党内职务处分;提拔任用明显有违法违纪行为的人的,给予负直接领导责任的主管人员严重警告、撤销党内职务或
者留党察看处分,情节严重的,给予开除党籍处分。
(四)授意、指使、强令下属人员违反财政、金融、税务、审计、统计法规,弄虚作假的,给予负直接领导责任的主管人员警告、严重警告处分,情节较重的,给予撤销党内职务处分,情节严重的,给予留党察看或者开除党籍处分。
(五)授意、指使、纵容下属人员阻挠、干扰、对抗监督检查或者案件查处,或者对办案人、检举控告人、证明人打击报复的,给予负直接领导责任的主管人员严重警告或者撤销党内职务处分,情节严重的,给予留党察看或者开除党籍处分。
(六)对配偶、子女、身边工作人员严重违法违纪知情不管的,责令其辞职或者对其免职;包庇、纵容的,给予撤销党内职务处分,情节严重的,给予留党察看或者开除党籍处分。
其他违反本实施办法第十一条、第十二条规定的行为,情节较轻的,给予批评教育或者责令作出检查,情节较重的,给予相应的组织处理或者党纪处分。
具有上述情形之一,需要追究政纪责任的,比照所给予的党纪处分给予相应的行政处分;涉嫌犯罪的,移交司法机关追究刑事责任。
第二十四条 实施责任追究,要实事求是,分清集体责任与个人责任,主要领导责任和重要领导责任。

第六章 附 则
第二十五条 国有企业(含国有控股企业)、事业单位参照执行本实施办法。
第二十六条 本办法由自治区纪检委、监察厅负责解释。
第二十七条 本实施办法自发布之日起施行。



1999年4月13日

STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA


(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, promulgated by
Order No. 11 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 29, 1988, and effective as of April 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to developing the socialist commodity
economy, promoting technical progress, improving product quality,
increasing social and economic benefits, safeguarding the interests of the
State and the people and suiting standardization to the needs in socialist
modernization and in the development of economic relations with foreign
countries.
Article 2
Standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements
that need to be unified:
(1) the varieties, specifications, quality and grades of industrial
products as well as the safety and sanitary requirements for them;
(2) the design, production, inspection, packing, storage, transportation
and methods of operation of industrial products as well as the safety and
sanitary requirements for them in the process of production, storage and
transportation;
(3) technical requirements and testing methods related to environmental
protection;
(4) the designs, construction procedure and safety requirements for
construction projects; and
(5) technical terms, symbols, code names and drawing methods related to
industrial production, project construction and environmental protection.
Major agricultural products and other items that need to be standardized
shall be designated by the State Council.
Article 3
The tasks of standardization shall include the formulation of standards
and organization of and supervision over the implementation of the
standards. Standardization shall be incorporated in the plan for national
economic and social development.
Article 4
The State shall encourage the active adoption of international standards.
Article 5
The department of standardization administration under the State Council
shall be in charge of the unified administration of standardization
throughout the country. Competent administrative authorities under the
State Council shall, in line with their respective functions, be in charge
of standardization in their respective departments and trades.
The departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
in charge of the unified administration of standardization within their
respective administrative areas. Competent administrative authorities
under the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government shall, in line with their respective
functions, be in charge of standardization in their respective departments
and trades within their respective administrative areas.
The standardization administration departments and the competent
administrative authorities of cities and counties shall, in line with
their respective functions as assigned by the governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government, be in charge of standardization within their respective
administrative areas.

Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Article 6
National standards shall be formulated for the technical requirements that
need to be unified nationwide. National standards shall be formulated by
the department of standardization administration under the State Council.
Where, in the absence of national standards, technical requirements for a
certain trade need to be unified, trade standards may be formulated. Trade
standards shall be formulated by competent administrative authorities
under the State Council and reported to the department of standardization
administration under the State Council for the record, and shall be
annulled on publication of the national standards. Where, in the absence
of both national and trade standards, safety and sanitary requirements for
industrial products need to be unified within a province, an autonomous
region or a municipality directly under the Central Government, local
standards may be formulated. Local standards shall be formulated by
departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and
reported to the department of standardization administration and the
competent administrative authorities under the State Council for the
record, and shall be annulled on publication of the national or trade
standards.
Where, in the absence of both national and trade standards for products
manufactured by an enterprise, standards for the enterprise shall be
formulated to serve as the criteria for the organization of production. An
enterprise's standards for its products shall be reported to the
standardization administration department and the competent administrative
authorities under the local government for the record. Where national or
trade standards have been formulated, the State shall encourage
enterprises to formulate their enterprise standards, which are more
stringent than the national or trade standards, to be used in these
enterprises.
Where the formulation of standards is otherwise provided for by law, such
legal provisions shall be complied with.
Article 7
National standards and trade standards shall be classified into compulsory
standards and voluntary standards. Those for safeguarding human health and
ensuring the safety of the person and of property and those for compulsory
execution as prescribed by the laws and administrative rules and
regulations shall be compulsory standards, the others shall be voluntary
standards.
The local standards formulated by standardization administration
departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government for the safety and sanitary requirements of
industrial products shall be compulsory standards within their respective
administrative areas.
Article 8
The formulation of standards shall be conducive to ensuring safety and the
people's health, safeguarding consumer interests and protecting the
environment.
Article 9
The standards to be formulated shall be conducive to a rational use of the
country's resources, a wider utilization of scientific and technological
gains and the enhancement of economic returns, conform to operation
instructions, increase the universality and interchangeability of
products, and be technologically advanced and economically rational.
Article 10
The standards to be formulated shall be coordinated with and supported by
related standards.
Article 11
The standards to be formulated shall help promote economic and
technological cooperation with foreign countries and foreign trade.
Article 12
The roles of trade associations, scientific research institutions and
academic organizations shall be brought into play in the formulation of
standards. A department engaged in the formulation of standards shall
organize a committee on standardization technology composed of
specialists, which shall be responsible for the drafting of the standards
and shall participate in the examination of the draft standards.
Article 13
After the standards come into force, the department that formulated them
shall, in the light of scientific and technological developments and the
needs in economic construction, make timely reviews of the current
standards to determine if they are to remain effective or are to be
revised or annulled.

Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Article 14
Compulsory standards must be complied with. It shall be prohibited to
produce, sell or import products that are not up to the compulsory
standards. With regard to voluntary standards, the State shall encourage
their adoption by enterprises on an optional basis.
Article 15
With respect to products for which national or trade standards have been
formulated, enterprises may apply to the standardization administration
department under the State Council or agencies authorized by the same
department for product quality authentication. For products which are
authenticated to conform to the standards, certificates shall be issued by
the department that made the authentication and the use of the prescribed
authentication marks shall be permitted on such products and the packing
thereof.
If products for which authentication certificates have been granted do not
conform to national or trade standards, or if products have not undergone
authentication or found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, no authentication marks shall be permitted for use on such
products leaving factories for sale.
Article 16
Technical requirements for export products shall comply with contractual
provisions.
Article 17
The development of new products, improvement of products or technical
renovation by an enterprise shall conform to standardization requirements.
Article 18
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level shall be responsible for supervision over and
inspection of the implementation of the standards.
Article 19
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level may, in accordance with needs, establish inspection
organizations or authorize inspection organizations of other units to
examine whether products conform to the standards. Where the laws and
administrative rules and regulations provide otherwise on inspection
organizations, such provisions shall apply.
Disputes over whether a product conforms to the standards shall be handled
in accordance with the inspection data provided by the inspection
organizations as specified in the preceding paragraph.

Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 20
Whoever produces, sells or imports products that do not conform to the
compulsory standards shall be dealt with according to law by the competent
administrative authorities as prescribed by the laws and administrative
rules and regulations. In the absence of such prescriptions, his products
and unlawful proceeds shall be confiscated and he shall be concurrently
fined by the administrative authorities for industry and commerce; where
serious consequences are caused and crimes are constituted, the person
directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the law.
Article 21
Where authentication marks are used on products leaving a factory for
sale, for which authentication certificates have been issued but which do
not conform to national or trade standards, the enterprise concerned shall
be ordered by the department of standardization administration to stop the
sale and shall be fined concurrently; where the circumstances are serious,
the authentication certificates shall be revoked by the department that
made the authentication.
Article 22
Whoever uses authentication marks, without authorization, on products
leaving a factory for sale, which have not undergone authentication or
have been found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, shall be ordered by the department of standardization
administration to stop the sale and shall concurrently be fined.
Article 23
A party which refuses to accept the punishment of confiscation of its
products and of its unlawful proceeds and a fine may, within 15 days of
receiving the penalty notice, apply for reconsideration to the office
immediately above the one that made the punishment decision; a party which
refuses to obey the reconsideration decision may, within 15 days of
receiving the reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's
court. The party also may, within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice,
directly bring a suit before a people's court. If a party neither applies
for reconsideration nor brings a suit before a people's court within the
prescribed time nor complies with the punishment decision, the office that
made the punishment decision shall apply to a people's court for
compulsory execution.
Article 24
Personnel responsible for the supervision, inspection and administration
of standardization who violate the law or neglect their duties, or are
engaged in malpractices for personal gains, shall be given disciplinary
sanctions; where crimes are constituted, their criminal responsibility
shall be investigated in accordance with the law.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 25
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Council.
Article 26
This Law shall go into effect as of April 1, 1989.


Important Notice:
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.